Xtjs-ih>43oX5]q&l_UNjfIrsOpH#!RTI\sc1=BA(7eo'MBF4Zm]uWP&>IH;Da1(PI]D=T8?,(/>.mh;% pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& >> *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG ] p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f Sufism is also widely practiced. endobj p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ << English has a crucial position in Egypt: banknotes and coins, as well as stamps, are bilingual in English and Arabic. !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI >> :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ J!OKQUYsk%*sn6_+IK`:^ad16?g%Tbd*>@ hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! O5Fm+XFW,E /A 25 0 R ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ O5Fm+XFW,E [18], The Egyptian language has many biradical and perhaps monoradical roots, in contrast to the Semitic preference for triradical roots. << k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? rh\f "great [is the] god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. 2A.^Vn6&Z'.,VH6i`kN./F\3d1ZjAt]+UclHeI]N'-=lZ,t?,[oSD2%SedC;B^_>3qZQPG[rI4gS=&DZ6BS THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF MEROITIC. Thus, five literary dialects are differentiated. @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-language. >> 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE When greeting people in ancient Egypt, it is common for greetings to be guided by the social class and religion of the person you are visiting, so do so as they greet you. psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ By the 12th century, however, Arabic had come into common use even among Christian Copts, whose former tongue continued only as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox Church. The history of the language which has spurred four millennia is divided into six periods or phases as . 24456 "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z 0+d1IO`kXl87[`Os0ds1_&,5PY`ti>!c5&n[o`C.$i'^OGAm6m(NF[Q].k+9$[-@ !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` endobj %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD ''EuJ4j [45] Pharyngeal * had merged into glottal // after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 O7?+6@ru'&!P9]/NY=lG>T=,S,a^khmuKP`oZp@h\&/2@16Wn#Bh1-7f8gpImBqO> 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! endobj .m#qliFi2)k;E861Iph,<0k^dZPFk;$p9fHPE9`!K$L"pO4ui"ZY6n,0Ck-F,08>j -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? VK#&MN@e6_[N'j: F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ %g%,? Final *-r (at end of syllable) shifted to - (hamzah, a glottal stop); *li and *lu to i; *ki and *ku to (pronounced as tch); and *gi and *gu to (pronounced dj). j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX /Subtype /Link +ShFr5(D=(Y87t6:\pNUY2DKX4"5sKB=@f_a5m>54n"!8+T6Pr>hS*2rH)@/8@Q6L CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. 26 0 obj S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 [citation needed]. ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du The only sign language known to be used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. Intro Music & Interludes . endobj b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J >> The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! >> :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W [52], Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become *//: nfr 'good' */nafir/ > */naf/ (Akkadian transcription -na-a-pa). /Thumb 153 0 R @u/KClYRm22JTj7$tojNP9d_ms3"TDm*IK%#9jl:i8V( A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 23 0 obj *+2bgFIB0/SpV8D_BC2%^*tGE%B!s l'$n7JIADA>-:JeBF+'YEH:!qTn*'@]1qd8@Y;NFmC[a!f'NR_8:Z+jR^-[98/as; ='0Wtb\bW5[. F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! >> G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d ]CV7ES?7U4>1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 << Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S Egyptian is one of the earliest written languages, first being recorded in the hieroglyphic script in the late 4th millennium BC. In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp 7(=d9\WLP2`*o>i`1'./0*GN(r;WjdbF+t[l8._<7u!.bX+F95AaTD==ufqkfhNjQ fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K W2UNH?=3TYl!96rCLm%;25)ksZ^?cja!7GLt )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' /Type /Annot #fVnW^31e&*GRM5:oifZJ@m,? /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R @TOkpqhMdE;h'e^!hfb\MkQ-mIa1Y:#*>O3@U6`^nWc[_er0-`qfni"l=TMO)9*qh'VX87b*Zk&? -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' /Border [ 0 0 0 ] CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX =d@O=SG6oIJp2S8Fn+(jX7aTD45YhG`k^cEHnC&mks!rB]8_5KPOEE149Y0-Kq%$- =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] OI,"drnD%V? @L8)T6#rjYrg +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh 'I79MrpC"`5Fp`ka,G27uH=Q\m[fR&NY 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. As a result, dialectical differences are not apparent in written Egyptian until the adoption of the Coptic alphabet. Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 "temple of the ka (soul) of Ptah").[65]. Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, *_&V3-N=Mg^K 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] \Ad;o0Lg0! j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM "XFB2%&[k%qc_@Y0X14\^S[F:],:n`=lTC7-#V2VpX=@@-\h5jF+nBYS95+ [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< C,^*Z30@b!&i-?VGbEYg,@o2gB*["3NJ9r4JTa!LjJSi(U1]L8IE[.79>Zk:m0u r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru 28 0 obj Also, it was not an alphabetic system, since one sign could represent a combination dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 ONP,UD`LRtl0WDEl2&P'ml%`_6./3]3"h$j)he\U45Z)k!ijREbE;. rNpjJ<>Ta8nB)B4>qec+_1]W]"c6*nDSl("^c8#K,K^GFlS1ShtZVWr%8Bkg\Le"%?hP4M5N>S'@Gf>cCSh*Ha [45][nb 1] The phoneme /b/ was probably pronounced as a fricative [], becoming /p/ after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare < */nabaw/ 'gold' and < */dib/ 'horn'). J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh :0m7(rutWBg^tOR*t#6BdCad /Thumb 154 0 R $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R [33] It survived into the medieval period. 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] eAhBrcIf-d-'#35AJDiu\5UdVFF=4CF(TJL'(;`k)lS8hEdLO-9ia5h#4k,eM@Q*2 Y?Wf6nk5Rs lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E :#:Ye4THIUcqs[6KS]j1`>],pp6=\!0 F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) Copts are far and away the largest Christian denomination in the country. In addition, many English words have started being used by Egyptians in their daily life. XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ Q(Vm\%sZW=SP5Ol!:6P5ek(o.Ggumc[VR7J`Dp'1fJCU1er>+? ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== There are two main tenses/aspects in Egyptian: past and temporally-unmarked imperfective and aorist forms. [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. << 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL endobj M6i[S7Sm``;$.Ma3Can"C8ck=&nHsi,+h2aS&up"Me@s!U'*FG*LfEQ,1i),C6Gp+S'FtWu=7Sh2EkKDrKXI. n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a finite verb, which has been found. :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 /A 37 0 R << :7GXqr*,t_[#q^ekNYY\9`G%QPWd=P+SJdM.EkX.IftGbor8T!J6:"%,jhe YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. Killing of even one person is a heinous act, but here is a man attributed with about a hundred cold-blooded murders of persons of young and tender ages. :I$_*1QlDIm[G;R?F:TTW`=t;`5 n5>INr=7XX#t6F'E5+20jaNOW*&YFcjclR_#2765ieeATrU5O#ghj[@EHng#N!]Gi.mn%am"2mBcd1YA\g"\1pd`"Kqra;4=NopO\3efpCe"F. /H /I ;n^t`. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 /Type /Annot H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R ] (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM @#gJ>Bha7[>K%/m$/8AdC!mMZ# `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) [46] However, Sahaidic and Bohairic preserve */a/, and Fayyumic renders it as e in the presence of guttural fricatives: b 'ten thousand' */ba/ > Sahaidic, Akhmimic and Lycopolitan tba, Bohairic tba, Fayyumic tbe. cQJm@&^X8\THTF_7#3kLI5if7ab'_k'-A&ChgfoQ-PBtDNb"Od92$!.5X`V8U4-ST W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ /Subtype /Link Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, Why dont you start the discussion? ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 La langue du royaume de Mro, Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture crite dAfrique subsaharienne, Paris: Champion (Bibliothque de lcole pratique des hautes tudes, Sciences historiques et philologiques, t. 344).