Percentages presented for the overall number are weighted row percentages. All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. Finally, we conducted additional supplemental analyses to estimate VE among children whose mothers received at least one vaccine dose prior to pregnancy onset and at least one dose during pregnancy. Hospitalization rates during peak Omicron circulation (January 2022) among unvaccinated adults remained 12 times the rates among vaccinated adults who received booster or additional doses and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose. Percentages presented for demographic characteristics are weighted column percentages. Infants were followed from birth until the first positive SARS-CoV-2 test by PCR at age 2, 4, or 6 months, with censoring due to death, health plan disenrollment, or end of follow-up (May 31, 2022). Among fully vaccinated people without a booster, rates were lower at 3,355.5 per 100,000 for COVID-19 cases and 35.4 per 100,000 for hospitalizations. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased risk for hospitalization among Black adults during the Omicron-predominant period might also be due, in part, to lower proportions of Black adults receiving both the primary vaccination series and booster doses. Maternal vaccination with at least two doses reduced the infants risk of testing SARS-CoV-2 positive initially by 84% which decreased to 56% by 6 months of life in the Delta dominant period. In the first study, a team led by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) researchers analyzed data on 192,509 hospitalizations from more than 250 hospitals in 13 states participating in the COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network from Jan 1, 2021, to Apr 30, 2022. Omicron Is Not More Severe for Children, Despite Rising Hospitalizations More children are being treated for Covid, but a combination of factors, including low vaccination rates, most. Covid's Risk to Older Adults - The New York Times Mortal. J. However, linking is sometimes not possible because CDC does not receive personally identifiable information about vaccine doses. Hospitalizations rates increased among all adults irrespective of vaccination status (unvaccinated, primary series only, or primary series plus a booster or additional dose). Rates are calculated using the CDC National Center for Health Statistics vintage 2020 bridged-race postcensal population estimates for the counties included in surveillance. 26 Among those fully vaccinated individuals 5 years of age who are booster eligible, only 49% have received a . 226, 236 e1236.e14 (2022). Most mothers (1032 of 1138) who received only one dose received the vaccine during the third trimester. * Information on the impact that booster or additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines have on preventing hospitalizations during Omicron predominance is limited. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are The study provides evidence that a previous omicron infection in triple-vaccinated individuals provides high amounts of protection against BA.5 and BA.2 infections. Among nonpregnant and pregnant adults aged 18 years, hospitalization rates were calculated overall, and by race/ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccination status. Pediatr. With wave after wave of SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 patients filled the worlds' hospitals and morgues because not everybody had access to vaccines or were willing to be vaccinated. Morb. After adjusting for covariates, vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 93) during the first 2 months of life, 62% (95% CI: 39, 77) during the first 4 months of life and 56% (95% CI: 34,71) during the first 6 months of life. Implementing strategies that result in the equitable receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations, through building vaccine confidence, raising awareness of the benefits of vaccination, and removing barriers to vaccination access among persons with disproportionately higher hospitalizations rates from COVID-19, including Black adults, is an urgent public health priority. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a larger proportion of hospitalized Black adults were unvaccinated. *** LTCF residents include hospitalized adults who were identified as residents of a nursing home/skilled nursing facility, rehabilitation facility, assisted living/residential care, long-term acute care hospital, group/retirement home, or other LTCF upon hospital admission. All adjustment variables were selected a priori based on prior work36. 189, 13791388 (2020). DeSilva, M. et al. Iowa does not provide data on vaccination status. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. 387, 187189 (2022). We monitored the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (anti-N) and spike protein (anti-S) antibodies in blood donors across Canada from September 2021 to June 2022 in 202,123 . Defined as one or more of the following: chronic lung disease including asthma, chronic metabolic disease including diabetes mellitus, blood disorder/hemoglobinopathy, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disorder, immunocompromising condition, renal disease, gastrointestinal/liver disease, rheumatologic/autoimmune/inflammatory condition, obesity, feeding tube dependency, and wheelchair dependency. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Vaccine 31, 31043109 (2013). The average death rate among Americans over age 65 who contract the flu has ranged between 1 in 75 and 1 in 160 in recent years, according to the C.D.C. pdf files, Omicron: fewer adverse outcomes come with new dangers, Statement on offensive historical content, Redistribute or republish the final article, Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:108893. Omicron is super infectious, and about 20% of people in the United States over the age of 5 as well as all children under 5 remain unvaccinated. 3501 et seq. Laurie M. Billing and Kenzie Teno report grants from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists during the conduct of the study. Article We, therefore, were unable to assess whether maternal infection provided some protection to their infants. Google Scholar. Secondarily, we used a Test-Negative Design (TND), which is a case-control study, to compare the odds of vaccination among mothers of infants who tested positive vs. the odds of vaccination among mothers of infants who tested negative. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. of Omicron-infected patients with a high rate of vaccination in China. How likely is COVID-19 hospitalization for vaccinated Americans? - USAFacts It is not inevitable that viral evolution leads to lower severity. Although the study was unable to directly estimate VE against hospitalization due to the small number of hospitalized cases, it found that over the entire study period, the incidence rate of hospitalization during the first 6 months of life was much lower among the infants whose mothers were vaccinated during pregnancy compared with those whose mothers were not vaccinated. Sarah J. Additional limitations include the inability to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines received prior to pregnancy onset. The difference between the two studies might be due to population characteristics and the timing of follow-up as ours went through May 31, 2022, while the Norwegian study ended in April 2022. To obtain Jackson, M. L. & Nelson, J. C. The test-negative design for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Stay up to date with your COVID-19 vaccines. Rates were highest among unvaccinated adults and lowest among those who had received a booster or additional dose. Omicron data in UK is 'enormously worrying,' immunologist says "In the last two weeks, no fewer than 80% of admissions were below the age of 50 years. Iowa did not provide immunization data but is included in the overall population-based hospitalization rates. Hospitalization rates among non-Hispanic Black adults increased more than rates in other racial/ethnic groups. Among 829 adults hospitalized during the Omicron-predominant period, 49.4% were unvaccinated, compared with 69.5% during the Delta-predominant period (p<0.01). Saving Lives, Protecting People, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covid-net/purpose-methods.html, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050e2.htm, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255, https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.27.21262356v1, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.22269045v1, https://data.cdc.gov/Vaccinations/COVID-19-Vaccination-Demographics-in-the-United-St/km4m-vcsb, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30479, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic, Psychiatric admission requiring medical care. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing hospitalization among adults aged 65 yearsCOVID-NET, 13 states, FebruaryApril 2021. Evan J. Anderson reports grants from Pfizer, Merck, PaxVax, Micron, Sanofi-Pasteur, Janssen, MedImmune, and GlaxoSmithKline; personal fees from Pfizer, Medscape, Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc., Sanofi-Pasteur, and Janssen, outside the submitted work; and institutional funding from the National Institutes of Health to conduct clinical trials of Moderna and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines. Surveillance officers abstracted data on sampled patients from medical charts. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Female sex was a protective factor (HR, 0.52), while residence in a nursing home or low-income area was a risk factor. B, Severe outcomes included hospitalization and death. Mortal. Omicron vaccine effectiveness estimates for 7 to 59 days, 60 to 119 days, and 240 days or more after the second dose are not presented owing to imprecision in the estimates and wide 95% CIs (ie, 100 percentage points). part 46, 21 C.F.R. The outcomes were the infants first positive nasal/throat swab for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR, and the first COVID-19-related hospitalization, occurring during the first 6 months of life and recorded in the electronic health record. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Variant in South Risk of reinfection, vaccine protection, and severity of infection with "The high hospitalization rates in unvaccinated compared with vaccinated persons with and without a booster dose underscores the importance of COVID-19 vaccinations in preventing hospitalizations and suggests that increasing vaccination coverage, including booster dose coverage, can prevent hospitalizations, serious illness, and death," the researchers wrote. However, infants aged <6 months are not currently eligible for any currently available COVID-19 vaccines and must rely on placentally acquired immunity from their mothers. We did not have genotyping data to confirm the variant that infected infants who tested positive and instead relied on state data regarding circulating strain predominance in the Northern California region. Iuliano AD, Brunkard JM, Boehmer TK, et al. Wkly. COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review | CDC Author's reply, Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ZyCoV-D): the interim efficacy results of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in India, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MRC Biostatistics Unit COVID-19 Working Group, Cases, hospital admissions, and hospital attendances in those with delta and omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants, between Nov 29, 2021, and Jan 9, 2022, Risk of hospitalisation and mortality for COVID-19 cases with omicron compared with delta, overall and by age group, Estimated HRs for vaccination categories, secondary analysis. NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST supervised the work. The rates don't account for non-vaccine-related risks, Mark Jit, professor of vaccine epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine told Insider in an email. Foppa, I. M., Haber, M., Ferdinands, J. M. & Shay, D. K. The case test-negative design for studies of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine. 384, 14121423 (2021). As of January 26, 2022, 39.6% of Black persons received a primary vaccine series; of those, 43.9% of adults received a booster dose once eligible. SARS-CoV-2 variant data update, England: Version 21. T.R. 1). State data show the average age for COVID deaths was about 80 in late 2020, but dropped in spring 2021 to as low as 69 after most older adults received their first COVID vaccines. Third, because immunocompromise status is not always known, it is not possible to distinguish between booster and additional doses; this could have influenced observed rates. And in a second large study during the Omicron period, older people, men, and residents of nursing homes or in low-income areas were most at risk for post-booster COVID-19 death in England, but the risk was very low. CDC twenty four seven. The mean age at pregnancy onset was 31.62 years (standard deviation of 4.66 years). Adults with no documented receipt of any COVID-19 vaccine dose before the test date were considered unvaccinated. The study was conducted among a cohort of infants born between December 15, 2020, and May 31, 2022. During the Delta period, receipt of one dose during the third trimester reduced infants risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by 74% (95% CI: 19, 92) during the first 6 months of life (Table3). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine. Am. No other exclusion criteria were applied. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Lipkind, H. S. et al. Additional COVID-NET methods for determining vaccination status have been described previously. During the Omicron-predominant period, peak hospitalization rates among non-Hispanic Black (Black) adults were nearly four times the rate of non-Hispanic White (White) adults and was the highest rate observed among any racial and ethnic group during the pandemic. Viruses | Free Full-Text | SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Canadian To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. During the first 6 months of life, 940 (3.10%) infants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and 10 (0.03%) infants were hospitalized with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Maternal vaccination and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants. J. Med. Adults with no documented receipt of any COVID-19 vaccine dose before the test date were considered unvaccinated. Schrag, S. J. et al. Experts say they. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36547-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36547-4. Percentages presented were weighted to account for the probability of selection for sampled cases (3). This can lead to overestimates of first doses and underestimates of subsequent doses, and underestimates of hospitalization rates in persons who received additional or booster doses. Frequency, characteristics and complications of COVID-19 in hospitalized infants. But the average . While this proportion might not be representative of the proportion of vaccinated pregnant women within KPNC because of our exclusion criteria, more efforts are needed to promote COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant persons because vaccination provides protection to mothers and their infants until they are old enough to receive their own COVID-19 vaccines. Children born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from December 15, 2020, through May 31, 2022. Kim, L. et al. Evaluation of acute adverse events after Covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy. COVID-19Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021January 2022. MB), Help with Rep. 69, 10811088 (2020). ICU admission status was missing in 1.3% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are included in other analyses. We used two different study designs: a primary design using a cohort analysis in which infants of vaccinated pregnant persons were compared with infants of unvaccinated pregnant persons. Pregnant women were excluded because their reasons for hospital admission (4) might differ from those for nonpregnant persons. However, we have no reason to expect a strong association between the absence of NHS number and SARS-CoV-2 variant. Data about boosters was only available for those over 50. On 13 December, Denmark released data showing that hospitalization rates for people infected with Omicron seemed to be on a par with those for people infected with other variants. During the Omicron-predominant period, overall weekly adult hospitalization rates peaked at 38.4 per 100,000, exceeding the previous peak on January 9, 2021 (26.1) and the peak rate during the Delta-predominant period (15.5) (Figure 1). Sample sizes presented are unweighted with weighted percentages. J. PubMed J. Med. Marks, K. J. et al. 41, e81e86 (2022). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Infect. The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. About half of long-COVID patients who were on sick leave at 4 months were still on sick leave at 2 years. In the US, as of the end of September 2022, almost 15 million children ages <18 years have tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Egyptian hemodialysis patients' willingness to receive the COVID-19 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, ** https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1, On August 13, 2021, CDCs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued the first of several recommendations for additional or booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Between December 15, 2020, and May 31, 2022, we identified 62,117 infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated healthcare delivery organization. Overall, the study results support recommendations for vaccination during pregnancy to protect both mothers and their infants. Ainslie, K. E. C., Shi, M., Haber, M. & Orenstein, W. A. Sect. We thank staff at UKHSA and members of the UK Government SPI-M committee and the UKHSA Variant Technical Group for valuable discussions. For mothers of infants in the cohort, we extracted from the electronic health record data: age at pregnancy onset, self-reported race/ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Multiracial, Native American, Other, White), the primary KPNC facility at which the woman received most of their health care, insurance payor (dichotomized as Medicare/Medicaid/other subsidized insurance and Other), neighborhood deprivation index [NDI]35 categorized into quartiles with higher values representing greater deprivation), pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI=kg/m2; underweight <18.5, normal 18.524.9, overweight 25.029.9, obese 30.0), pre-pregnancy diabetes status, pre-pregnancy hypertension, and parity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4). Finally, the COVID-NET catchment areas include approximately 10% of the U.S. population; thus, these findings might not be nationally generalizable. In this analysis, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) of vaccination of mothers of infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 versus infants who tested negative using logistic regression models conditioned (stratified) on the calendar date of the test so that infants testing positive on a certain day were compared to infants testing negative on that same day. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) * Data are from a weighted sample of hospitalized nonpregnant adults with completed medical record abstractions and a discharge disposition. For children whose mothers received one dose before pregnancy and two doses during pregnancy, VE against infection was 89% during the first 2 months of life, 73% during the first 4 months of life, and 48% up to 6 months of life. These data should be taken with a grain of salt. Med. CAS COVID-19 incidence and death rates among unvaccinated and fully vaccinated adults with and without booster doses during periods of Delta and Omicron variant emergence25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4December 25, 2021. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccination during pregnancy in preventing hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 in infants. Am. COVID-19; IL-6 . Without the vaccines many more people would likely be in hospital. Image, Download Hi-res The study had limitations worth noting. Fully-vaccinated in this chart meant one dose of the J&J vaccine or two doses of Pfizer or Moderna. During the Omicron dominant period, receipt of 2 doses during pregnancy reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 21% (95% CI: 21, 48) during the first 2 months of life, 14% (95% CI: 8, 32) during the first 4 months of life, and 13% (95% CI: 3, 26) during the first 6 months of life (Table2). Hobbs, C. V. et al. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Hospitalization of infants and children aged 0-4 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19COVID-NET, 14 states, March 2020-February 2022. B., Lewis. 139, e20164091 (2017). COVID-19 hospitalization rates per 100,000 population by age and vaccination status, January 05 to February 01, 2023 Age group Age-specific rate per 100,000 among unvaccinated individuals Age-specific rate per 100,000 among those who received at least one booster dose Likelihood of unvaccinated individuals being hospitalized with Zerbo, O. et al. Biomedicines | Free Full-Text | Risk Stratification Model for Severe (2021) Omicron is supercharging the COVID vaccine booster debate. COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: coverage and safety. The cumulative monthly age-adjusted hospitalization rate during January 2022 among unvaccinated adults (528.2) was 12 times the rates among those who had received a booster or additional dose (45.0) and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5). Johnson AG, Amin AB, Ali AR, et al. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Persons who received no doses of any COVID-19 vaccine were considered unvaccinated. Adults who received booster doses were classified as those who completed their primary vaccination series and received an additional or booster dose of vaccine on or after August 13, 2021, at any time after the completion of their primary series, and 14 days before a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, because COVID-19associated hospitalizations are a lagging indicator, and time passed after receipt of a booster dose has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of COVID-19 infection (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255). J. Med. Another explanation is the presence of a high COVID-19 vaccination rate among studied individuals (more than two-thirds), which is supported by the finding that the majority of patients had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to undergoing vaccination. Models were adjusted for the covariates listed above. However, these Omicron impacts have been mostly observed in countries with high vaccination rates in the Region: the comparatively lower rate of hospitalizations and deaths so far is in large part thanks to vaccination, particularly of vulnerable groups. Dr. Klein reported receiving grants from Pfizer, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and Sanofi Pasteur. Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). Wkly Rep. 71, 352358 (2022). TN and NMF were responsible for visualisation.