2014;90:2935. Phot J. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Google Scholar. By using this website, you agree to our Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Sareesh et al. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . 2012;21:6209. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. 2009;27:556572. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. 2010;1347:17985. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 2017;326:291. Article Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health 2007;28:187380. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 1994;15:95104. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Behav Brain Res. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Am J Epidemiol. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. 2006;27:16471. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Neuroreport. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com 2014:125. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2004;2004:19. & Hu, XJ. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Annu Rev Physiol. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 1992;49:1818. 2008;49:16370. 2016;74:99107. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Harris KM. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. 2012;35:32534. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Arch Environ Health. Eastern J Med. J Sleep Res. 1984;11:4760. 2006;79:13140. Gold PE. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. 2013;23:306. 2010;86:37683. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. 2014;8:63. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2004;23:20114. 2012;31:6774. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. 2013;17:711. Merola et al. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2005;161:52635. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Pathophysiology. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. 2011;35:36978. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. 2013;34:26474. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett. Acta Pharmacol Sin. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Cite this article. 2003;41:26887. 2011;31:2293301. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Sci STKE. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Behav Brain Res. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. J Natl Cancer Inst. J Med Food. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? J Environ Health. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Mol Cell Biol. 2017;52:23947. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Article 2007;34:146779. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Gold PE. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. 2011;107:35661. 2004;155:3743. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. 2003;14:2436. Int J Occup Environ Health. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Qutob et al. 2008;22:9927. 1993;13:41322. Neurotoxicology. 2007;27:6024. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Fragopoulou et al. 1999;9:3438. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Brain Res Rev. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Article The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Xu et al. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Iran J Public Health. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Richter et al. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. 2001;93:2037. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Google Scholar. Dasdag et al. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Google Scholar. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. PubMed Central The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. CAS Neuroreport. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Article Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Thus, Cosquer et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Cassel et al. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. 2010;473:525. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27].