As we rolled by, we looked down into the compound and saw soldiers in khakis milling about with boarding passes in hand. Long Binh, again (Feb. 1967). He wanted to borrow one of our tracks. I asked one of the men
Few areas of the world have been as hotly contested as the India-Pakistan border. Flames consuming huts. Bomb squads disarmed seven of the charges, but at 07:30 the remainder exploded with three igniting pallets of artillery shells and their Propellant bags causing a massive explosion, blast wave and mushroom cloud. Around midnight on October 29th, 1966, the Viet Cong mortared or rocketed the Long Binh Ammo Dump. Specialist 4 Bill Rambo, assistant driver and .50-gunner on my command track, remembers my response to the firing as being absolutely irate. We never saw them again. A VC commander captured later in the battle revealed that his orders were only to start the attack after several hundred rockets had hit the Plantation, but as the rocket sites had been neutralized before the rocket threshold was reached, the ground assault on the Plantation never began. As best I could, I explained that they were to take charge and that General Giap might be among the civilians. My plan was to make captain and go to Vietnam as an experienced company commander. Several soldiers gathered in front of the track to help the wounded, and Love climbed up to man the .50-caliber. We fired all we had into the buildings lining the roadway and took several wounded while getting to the church. To get to the church, we had to run a gantlet of fire, through the VC 238th Regiment and into the flank of the 275th, which was fighting the 2-47s scout platoon in Widows Village. I realize now that the track was high enough that the rounds would have passed over the troops in front of the vehicle, Love recalls. LV EXPLOSION, SIGN ON BOARD "DISNEY LAND FAR EAST" carried on into that night with tracers flying everywhere. [3]:2305 By dawn the VC/PAVN were retreating northwards pursued by helicopter gunships and at 06:15 Company C, 4/12th Infantry began moving north in pursuit, intending to pin the VC/PAVN against a force from Company B, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment which was moving south. Alpha Company, still licking its wounds from the January 23 fight, was left intact. We began detaining the well-dressed young men among the refugees. Troops opened their attacks with volleys of grenades, then went in shooting. Realizing I had not eaten for 24 hours, I looked for some breakfast, but all I could find was a bag of pistachio nuts. Sappers had placed satchel charges on pallets of artillery ammunition, and the resulting mushroom cloud caused all its witnesses to think the VC had employed a tactical nuclear weapon. ton wrecker weighing in at 22 thousand pounds. As darkness settled in, Charlie Company was ordered to move back the way it had come, to the junction of Highways 1 and 316, where we would form a screen in front of the 199th LIB base camp. Craven and another photographer, were both wounded in the engagement.) Now someone pointed out that there were a lot of young men, all dressed in black pants and white shirts, walking among the refugees. I was told to forget about them, which reinforced our feeling that this situation was different and that combat was certainly imminent. The VC had run out of ammunition and were trying to escape. We rolled through Long Binh and out the main gate, then turned onto Highway 316. GV AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN F/G. Flames illuminated the clouds, forming an eerie glow; flares hung in the sky and helicopter gunships crossed back and forth firing red streams of tracers into the city. We carried concertina wire, sand bags and hundreds of Claymores and trip flares to make our defensive positions practically impenetrable. As the C-23 track in the lead, Stormy, turned into a side street, a rocket propelled grenade (RPG) slammed into its front, smashing the radiator and wounding several soldiers. We all knew that these moves were more than just precautionary. Views of a number of huts, in the hamlet, that have not been destroyed. [5], USAF losses were 4 killed in action with another dying of a heart attack, while 26 were wounded. The helmet had stopped
It
(National Archives), On February 2, 12968, an APC passes buildings damaged by the Americans in the course of flushing out enemy troops from their hiding places in Bien Hoa. [2]:347 Weyand also requested the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) to defend the eastern approaches to Long Binh/Bien Hoa and 1 ATF had commenced Operation Coburg on 24 January. Then and
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The village of Ho Nai, now a ghost town, was still smoldering. While I was in training, my motivation was to get these wings and I wear them today proudly, the airman recalled in 2015. It involved transfer of powder projectiles and fuses enough to keep
The bombs descend and explode on structures in grove of trees near rice paddies 23 miles east of Binh Thuy on 19th August. Bravo Company was sent to protect the Long Binh ammunition dump and Charlie Company was ordered into downtown Bien Hoa, where the ARVN III Corps headquarters was in danger of being overrun. Benny Toney, the 2nd Platoon sergeant, hooked a tow cable to Stormy. In a fight, the company had 22 .50-caliber machine guns, a 106mm and several 90mm recoilless rifles, and more radios and M-60 machine guns than a walking company could ever carry. The platoons attacked by successive bounds through the village as the tracks, forming the base of the T, gave fire support from the .50s and resupplied the troops with ammo. Binh Hoa Airbase was lucky they were not the
In mid-September, when Ionoff moved to battalion headquarters to become the operations officer (S3), I assumed command of Company C. In October, the 2-47 was tasked to secure engineers as they cleared Highway 1 from Xuan Loc to the II Corps boundary near Phan Thiet. He manned the .50 and, with a Charlie Company driver, started off down Highway 1. Soon we could hear leaders moving up and down the bunker line yelling for the guards to stop firing. Dong Ha vietnam 1968 | Dong Ha ammo dump explosion from NVA artillery fire. agreement was that the stockade prisoners would pitch our sandbags, help
rockets at Bien Hoa AB and Long Binh Post. Now commanded by a brand-new second lieutenant, the men of Alpha Company balked when they were told to move. All day civilians had been darting from their homes and running from the fighting. Besides the actions of Charlie Company, under the leadership of the S3, Major Bill Jones, Alpha had conducted an assault on VC positions in a cemetery. They tried to make us keep our heads down so we couldn't get them with our counter-mortar fire . In April 1967, I was a first lieutenant commanding a rifle company in the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, N.C. was out of the bldgs. For more great articles, subscribe to Vietnam magazine today! mortar rounds and 90 122-mm. 9. more that happened that night. I called III Corps and reported that we had detained all of these people, and was told to wait until the Vietnamese National Police arrived to take charge. An MP full colonel, along with a deputy sheriff from Los Angeles (dressed in his deputy uniform) and two jeeploads of Vietnamese National Police, drove up to my track. about 1/3 mile, All this carried on for about three maybe four days and the dead
After telling them to stop shooting
August 1966 November 1966 December 1966. [6]:12, Several dozen of the PAVN rockets exploded near the II Field Force and 199th LIB headquarters in the Plantation Compound (105728N 1065241E / 10.9577N 106.878E / 10.9577; 106.878) causing minimal damage. HANOI, North Vietnam, June 1 (Agence FrancePresse)An American major was captured last month in a Communistcon trolled area of northern Laos by Pathet Lao forces, a Laotian representative said here today. ordnance pad in the huge ammo dump. He ignored me and proceeded to a nearby house where he and the deputy sheriff kicked in the front door. I told him that I wanted to command a company. A force from Company C, 2/3rd Infantry mounted on ACAVs was sent north from Ho Nai and pinned the VC/PAVN in a crossfire. I yelled at Lieutenant Casper and everybody looked around as the VC tore out running the last few yards to safety. The G3 adviser told me that they had received intelligence that Vo Nguyen Giap, the North Vietnamese commanding general (the enemy equivalent of General William Westmoreland), had his command post in a Catholic church about a kilometer east of III Corps. When I arrived at 9th Division in June, I was further shocked to learn that I was going to a mechanized battalion, rather than be assigned to one of the battalions in the Delta where I could use my light infantry and Ranger school experience. I realized we were driving past our objective, halted the company and called for the 2nd Platoon to find a place to turn around. After I received the coordinates of our objective, I yelled, Crank em up! into the radio handset, and we moved out. ", "Then we were all in the bunker
Now commanded by a brand-new second lieutenant, the men of Alpha Company balked when they were told to move. As the afternoon of January 30 drifted toward dusk, Charlie Company soldiers stripped to the waist and dug bunkers next to their M-113s. This site requires JavaScript. The unit left their position at Firebase Concord north of Bin Ha and moved east proceeding along trails north of Ho Nai towards the LRRP position. door at the petroleum dump ruptured and fuel flowed down the ditch in
2023 CriticalPast LLC. 11K views 9 years ago This is a brief clip of the ammo dump explosion at Long Binh, Vietnam, taken the morning of the Tet offensive, 1968. At 3 a.m. on January 31, I received a call from Major Bill Jones, who had recently taken Ionoffs place as operations officer. [2]:350, With the base returned to full operation, that afternoon C130s landed the 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment to help ARVN forces fighting the VC in Bin Ha city. Less has been written about the danger, turmoil, chaos, confusion, contradictions and outright lunacy that confronted individual units as they responded to VC attacks on the morning of January 31. The Long Binh ammo dump had exploded. "[3]:205, The Tet offensive attacks on Bien Hoa AB and Tan Son Nhut Air Base slowly led to an improvement in air base defense across South Vietnam, with improved bunkers and heavier defensive armament including 0.50 cal machine guns, M67 recoilless rifles and M29 mortars. [2]:348, As the rockets hit Bien Hoa AB, 2 battalions of the VC 274th Regiment emerged from a rubber plantation 500m east of the eastern perimeter of Bien Hoa AB. In a few moments, the huge dump became a fireball, the shock of the explosion echoing over an area of 50 miles. Normally, operations orders issued over the radio were encoded and sent by the S3s radio operator. 0.59 After I got the coordinates of our objective, I yelled, Crank em up! into the radio handset. The only contact I had had with M-113 armored personnel carriers (APCs) was during a training exercise at the officers basic course just after I entered the Army. Rolling back through Bien Hoa, we were astounded to come upon the battalion S4, Captain Leroy Brown, in the middle of town with a 5,000-gallon fuel tanker and several ammunition trucks. As the sun sank over the Long Binh base, they tossed a football and ate cold C rations. All rights reserved. The VC attacks on Bien Hoa and the Long Binh complex were abject failures, due in part to the fact that on January 31, 1968, they had run into the Panthers of the 2nd Battalion (Mechanized), 47th Infantry. A spokesman for the South Vietnamese command said that, according to unconfirmed re ports, satchel charges, of the type used by Vietcong sabotage squads were found near the dump. because Mankato (Minnesota)Vocational school had taught me to weld as
As our medics treated the wounded, I reported to the American lieutenant colonel who was the III Corps G3 adviser. Charlie Company quickly reinforced Alpha, and a daylong fight ensued. As 1st Lt. Brice Barnes led his scout platoon into the edge of Ho Nai, he ran full speed into a hornets nest. resulting in the explosion of the ammo dump at Bin Ha Air Base. checkered) water tower by the main gate. Just then a three-man VC RPG team calmly walked across the street right in front of the damaged APC. I called III Corps to report that we had detained all of these people, and was told to wait for the Vietnamese National Police to take charge. the light dome that rose from the explosion. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. No infantry school tactic fit the situation; improvisation became the order of the day.
During the Vietnam War, the U.S. Army used the base as a logistics and command center. Advanced Search |
[3]:2204, On 1 February Company B, 2/3rd Infantry, Company C, 4/12th Infantry and elements of 2/47th Infantry swept Ho Nai finding only dead VC/PAVN and civilians who had been murdered by the VC or killed in the fighting in the town. Riflemen moving cautiously. Sergeant John Ax, squad leader of 1st Squad, 2nd Platoon, recalls what the fighting near III Corps was like: An RPG hit Shocker, the C-21 track, in the side; but it must have been a glancing blow, because it did not explode. Zabecki remembers taking his place on the wall with his M-79 grenade launcher. The bombs descend and explode near structures in grove of tress in agricultural area 30 miles southwest of Saigon on 19 August, 1968. I had inherited the job
Through sporadic fire, we continued northwest on Highway 15 to where it intersected Highway 1 on the western edge of Bien Hoa. The idea was to leave nothing the VC might use against us. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. We suffered more wounded during the trip back to III Corps, where I was called to a meeting in the headquarters. He assigned one to the airborne battalion and the other to Charlie Company. The armed helicopter teams had a field day shooting guerrillas who tried to escape to the nearby jungles. When offered the chance to go to II Field Force to help establish a new long-range reconnaissance patrol outfit, I turned it down to stay with the company. We could haul more personal gear, live more comfortably and walk less than straight-leg troops. 1968 - 1969, To See Lawrence's Service Battery Photos
M-113 APCs of the 9th Infantry Division storm VC positions 200 meters outside II Field Force headquarters at Long Binh on February 1, 1968. [2]:3512 US losses in the fighting in the Widow's Village were three dead. Dismounted troops of the 2nd Battalion (Mechanized), 47th Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, stay close to their M-113 armored personnel carriers (APCs) as they clear Widows Village, near Long Binh Army Post, of Viet Cong who had overrun it during the Communist 1968 Tet Offensive (National Archives). At dusk, airstrikes had to be called in to blast the VC from the hill. We could ride, walk or be airlifted to war, travel great distances in a short amount of time, and arrive with many times the ammunition and equipment that could be lifted in by helicopter. In addition we detained more than 20 probable VC fighters dressed in civilian clothes. and the gunner replied "VC
4. It had been over two days and many of us had no sleep. GV DUMP Destroyed and burned out ammunition pad shows burned out 105mm howitzer shells. 6. We use cookies on this website. 26 VC/PAVN were killed in the attack and several captured. The churches were cleared in short order. The three companies formed a line almost three kilometers long, facing to the east, with their backs to the Long Binh wire. (c) Copyright Thomson Reuters 2015. The VC who had fired the RPG slipped away, but Pfc Jim Love, who was tossed into a sewage ditch by the explosion, remembers killing the jeep with his M-16. I have . As the ammo dump burst into flames, secondary explosions erupted in other storage areas, and for the next three days, fires burned out of control. In addition, gunships killed many more as they tried to escape from the villages. In January 1968, our battalion relocated to the area between Xuan Loc and Bien Hoa, where intelligence had located a VC battalion. They bowed and looked confused. 5. During TET 1969 in front of Bunker Hill 17, VC sappers tried to penetrate our fence line. He waved me off. [6]:66. It dawned on us that the VC were throwing down their weapons, changing clothes and slipping away. 0.13 Another VC battalion infiltrated near the area of the 3rd Ordnance (Long Binh) ammunition dump [and] in a few moments, the huge dump became a fireball. [2]:352[3]:2067, At approximately 05:30, the 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, mounted on M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicles (ACAVs) coming from Bearcat approached the Plantation from the southwest and formed a skirmish line to engage the VC, while helicopter gunships from the 3rd Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment swept in to rocket and machine gun the VC positions. With small-arms fire cracking overhead, young girls carrying bottles of Coca-Cola were trying to sell them to the troops. Widows Village made a perfect attack position for the VC, since it lay directly across Highway 316 from II Field Force headquarters in the Long Binh complex. Flames illuminated the clouds, forming an eerie glow; flares hung in the sky and helicopter gunships crossed back and forth firing red streams of tracers into the city. As the scouts escaped, the volume of enemy fire began to slacken, then died altogether. In addition we detained more than 20 probable VC fighters dressed in civilian clothes. By some veterans' accounts, it had the unofficial name "Long Binh Junction." In 1968, the base fell under attack during the Tet Offensive, and the Viet Cong assault force was repelled by American troops. Since I was in an airborne unit, I was sure I would go to the 173rd Airborne Brigade or the 101st Airborne Division. [3]:2515, A VC/PAVN attack on the prisoner of war camp in Bin Ha which held over 2000 prisoners was repulsed by a platoon from Company C, 4/12th Infantry and a platoon from Company D, 17th Cavalry and their ACAVs. When it went off my first thought was that it was a nuclear explosion because of the light dome that rose from the explosion. ruary 1968 in support of Saigon and Long Binh Post during the TET Offen- Sive. remembered the 1SGT told him the first thing he was to get into
We were west of Highway QL1 along a road named 535. After the fight for the churches, there occurred one of the most bizarre and inexplicable incidents of the day. I had assumed I would be assigned to one of the battalions in the Delta where I could use my light infantry and Ranger school experience. flight line and I was checking the bunker for anyone, I heard
He said I would have to wait. As the 2nd Platoon began to run short, Spc. At least 3,000 tons of ammu nition were reportedly de stroyed in the blasts, which be gan before dawn and continued until midmorning. Fighting our way to the scout platoon, we were stopped when we came upon two large churches, straddling Highway 1, each occupied by VC. Well, the piece of shrapnel
As he fell, a burst of automatic weapons fire stitched the wall right where he would have been had he not fallen. (Casper, one of the bravest of the brave, died during the May offensive in Saigon, leading from the front.). Big Boom! AMMUNITION DUMP. We could use our tracks as a base of fire or in a blocking position as the company maneuvered on foot. (Vietnam War period). 15. 1.13 HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. It was the first such occurrence since the ceasefire of Jan. 28. As 1st Lt. Brice Barnes led his scouts into Ho Nai, he ran full speed into a hornets nest. An accurate body count could never be compiled since so many VC bodies were dragged away or were burned in the many fires in the towns and villages. The mushroom cloud slowly dissipated after hours of
The attacks on Bin Ha, Bien Hoa Air Base and Long Binh Post, occurred during the early hours of 31 January 1968 and continued until 2 February 1968. 0.42 The 2-47s scout platoon had just finished a brutal fight in Widows Village, and at 4 p.m., it was ordered to move to the junction of Highways 1 and 316, and to attack westward through the village of Ho Nai toward Charlie Company, in the hope of pinning the VC between us. After a eventful
However the ammunition storage bunkers prevented a chain reaction and the lost munitions were easily replaced with no impact on supply. Unfortunately for them, the hapless VC had no weapons other than the RPG launcher, and Dames dispatched them with a burst from his M-16. The combat around III Corps headquarters was intense. I had been in Vietnam about nine months. Sergeant was already tucked under a 5 ton truck parked about 50 feet
Our area from the
With the explosion of the entire ammunition dump imminent, and in the midst of exploding shells, fire and debris, the men of COMPANY B, . ", "We mustered everyone we could
Not only would I not finish my command tour, but I was also being assigned to a leg division. (Note: According to Colonel Sonny Craven, then leader of a combat photo team on the scene, these combat sequences was filmed by soldiers of the 221st Signal Company [Pictorial]). To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Meanwhile, Charlie Company was ordered back to III Corps. Featured Collections |
By July 1969 we were finally off the boats and in Dong Tam processing to head home. This article was written by John E. Gross and originally published in the February 2008 issue of Vietnam Magazine. [4], The 179th Military Intelligence Detachment of the 199th LIB had been gathering intelligence on a pending attack on Long Binh for several weeks before the attacks based on human intelligence and ground radar. That night, no one slept, but instead scanned the jungles with Starlight scopes, seeing nothing. Sand bags near barbed wire fence. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. Benny Toney, the 2nd Platoon sergeant, hooked a tow cable to Stormy. The bus ride to 90th Replacement was relatively short and everyone seemed exhausted from the long flight. him in. He wanted to borrow one of our tracks. 3. I was not sure what to do about the bunkers we had dug. Many of the enlisted personnel with medical MOSs work two to three days per week at the 93 rd Evacuation Hospital, then came back to the 24 th to work on the various construction projects. We threw grenades over the wall behind them, but hit nothing.. Lieutenant Barnes and one of his soldiers would be awarded Distinguished Service Crosses for their heroism that day. They all blew up! 0.08 4 Joseph Sugar Bear Dames returned to the tracks for more grenades. In April 1967 I was a first lieutenant commanding a rifle company in the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, N.C. LONG BINH, South Viet Nam (UPII A thunderous explosion that shook the heart of Saigon 11 miles away ripped through a U.S. ammunition depot tonight and wounded a handful of Americans. 7. While I was in training, my motivation was to get these wings and I wear them today proudly, the airman recalled in 2015. When Lieutenant Casper jumped up, our legs became entangled and I tripped him, Ax remembers. 0.04 Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. 2 comments. Soldiers of the U.S. 2nd Battalion 47th Infantry (Mechanized) and 4th Battalion 39th Infantry clearing a hamlet during the Tet Offensive in Vietnam. II Field Force commander LG Frederick C. Weyand had also ordered the 9th Infantry Division to be prepared to send its 1st Brigade from Bearcat Base 16km south of Long Binh to Bien Hoa-Long Binh in the event of an attack. When the Tet cease-fire period began on January 28, the battalion was called back to the vicinity of Bear Cat, a base camp near Long Thanh. That night, frightened bunker guards in the 199th compound shot into the darkness to their front. They both hobbled through the rest of the days fighting. Get under! Charlie Companys 3rd Platoon was also detached for a security mission inside the base. A few minutes later, a jeep drove up carrying two extremely frightened white-shirted policemen. Page contents not supported in other languages. CU SIGN "NO SMOKING" During Tet 1968, the 856th Radio . About a month earlier I had been loaned out to weld the razor
"What are you firing at? " It knocked a dimple in the side of the track as I fired up the gunner., Later in the fighting, Casper and several 2nd Platoon troops were pinned down next to a building. By the evening the 2/47th Infantry withdrew into the Long Binh perimeter. As the Hueys rockets smashed the VC strongpoint, the scouts fought their way out of the encirclement and evacuated their dead and wounded. During this fighting, both platoon leaders were wounded, Lieutenant Casper in the leg and Lieutenant Jones in the foot. General Patton's son, then Lt. Col. George Patton III, commander of the U.S. Army's 11th Armored Cavalry (Black Horse), positioned his tanks in between our big bunker hills . Jim Love recalls lying in a ditch near a dead civilian as the friendly fire cracked over our heads. Having been struck by mortars or rockets, the fuel tanks at the air base, as well as several buildings throughout Bien Hoa, were burning brightly. Toward dark, airstrikes had to be called in to blast the VC from the hill. We packed up our gear, rolled up our wire and waited. 0.24 When we arrived, we filed off the busses . ". Dames walked down a side alley toward the highway. Then things started falling
-- color photo Near Moc Hoa. As I remember the Tet Offensive began in the early morning of
(Vietnam War period). U.S. air strikes in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. On that fateful night, explosions began at the bomb dump, I immediately responded to CSC as the SP's . In the week preceding the attack these LRRP patrols engaged 2 PAVN/VC reconnaissance teams north of Long Binh. . Then I got a call from battalion commander Tower, asking how things were going. The action occurs January 31st, 1968 (on "Tet", the Vietnamese Lunar New Year holiday). At the beginning of the Tet Offensive, one rifle company was ordered to to clear the village of Ho Nai, a Bien Hoa suburb. VC/PAVN losses were 527 dead. The S3 also told Charlie Companys noncombatants to report to battalion headquarters. Charlie Company was ordered to a large open field across Highway 15 from the Long Thanh airfield. Love was so startled, he didnt fire. Tower had called and told me Charlie Company was under the operational control of III Corps and I was to take my orders from them. After the cemetery had been cleared Company B, 2/3rd Infantry joined Company C, 4/12th Infantry and they made a night defensive perimeter north of Ho Nai, while the 2/47th Infantry was withdrawn to Bin Ha. We were in a cloud of disarray
As best I could, I explained that they were to take charge and that General Giap might be among the civilians. Despite the confusion and wounds, our troops returned fire. They bowed and looked confused. The chrome
TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. The progress was slow and ammunition was becoming a scarce, particularly grenades, which city fighting consumes at an enormous rate. The first explosion was 2,400,000 pounds of 8 inch high explosive artillery projectiles. EXPLOSIONS IN DISTANCE During December we made little enemy contact, probably because the Communists were lying low preparing for Tet. What we came up with was a T formation. Service Battery 6/27th
At 0400 Jones ordered us to pull in our ambushes and be prepared to move. Dressed as travelers returning to ancestral homes for the Tet holiday, the guerrillas had quietly drifted into their urban assembly areas and put together their weapons. I went through the quarters making sure everyone
As we turned to head back, a tremendous blast shook the whole city of Bien Hoa. The village of Ho Nai, now a ghost town, still smoldered. 1. opened his mouth but, SGT Cuffee, the supply SGT. sixteen guns stationed next to the western border of Vietnam. While much has been written about Tet and the political firestorm that resulted, in the hundreds of surprise battles and skirmishes that unfolded, individual units found themselves thrust into intense danger, turmoil, chaos, confusion, contradictions and outright lunacy as they responded to Viet Cong (VC) attacks.
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